To study how stars and planets are born we have to look at star cradles hidden in cool clouds of dust. Far-infrared telescopes are able to pierce through those clouds. Conventionally, niobium nitride bolometers are used as the detectors, despite their low operating temperature of 4 Kelvin (-269° Celsius).
Far-Infrared Bolometers: Technical Lineages
First Light for World's Largest 'Thermometer Camera
FAR INFRARED TELESCOPE - 10/13/1988
PDF] Optical performance of an ultra-sensitive horn-coupled
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (NL) – sciencesprings
PDF] Optical performance of an ultra-sensitive horn-coupled
SPICA (spacecraft) - Wikipedia
From The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [ETH
Nanobolometer with ultralow noise equivalent power
Bolometer - an overview
/remotesensing/remotesensing-15-01811/
PDF) Performance of a far-IR TES bolometer on monolithic sapphire
Micromachines, Free Full-Text
Far-infrared detector KID reaches highest possible sensitivity