What causes the strange green flash at sunset and sunrise on Earth?

There are very special cases, when the sky is very clear and exceptionally transparent, that a green flash can be glimpsed just as the very topmost part of the sun is rising or setting.

Fallacies about green flashes

What is the Green Flash? Tropical Breeze Resort & Hotel

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Sunset - Wikipedia

NASA Scientist Finds World With Triple Sunsets, clockwork planet wikipedia

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What's a green flash and how can I see one?

Green flash - Wikipedia

Intuitive Machines lands on moon in nail-biting descent of private Odysseus lander, a 1st for US since 1972 - Space.com

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Green Flash - Information