The Middle Ages (roughly 500 to 1500 CE) saw a very different Europe than the one today. Rather than state rule being recognized above all else, there were competing claims of authority.
Middle Ages
Charlemagne: Great Rulers in History - WorldAtlas
Atlas Of Medieval Europe 2Nd E: 9780415383028: Ditchburn, David: Books
Atlas Of Medieval Europe 2Nd E
Charlemagne: Great Rulers in History - WorldAtlas
Why was Europe still considered far behind the rest of the world
Why was Europe still considered far behind the rest of the world
Coasts, Free Full-Text
Introduction SpringerLink
Marine plankton show threshold extinction response to Neogene
State of the World Atlas by Myriad Editions - Issuu